Ain Jalut — When Expansion Met Structure
Egypt, under the Mamluks, stopped the Mongol war machine at Ain Jalut in 1260. A reflection on Baghdad, Cairo, violence, military structure, and the former slaves who imposed a limit on expansion.
Cairo
Witness Cities: Baghdad and Cairo, and the Map That Broke the Region (1914–2026)
A personal, city-anchored journey from 1914 to 2026, using Baghdad and Cairo as “witness cities” to show how imperial treaties, mandate borders, and great-power strategy transformed a plural region into a permanent crisis.